Farming is a tough job, known for its long hours and risky tasks. A new study from Rice University suggests that Indigenous farm workers, many of whom have legal status in the U.S. after migrating from Latin America, may suffer more physical pain on the job than undocumented workers.

Using data from the National Agricultural Worker Survey, which included over 20,000 respondents, the researchers looked into the health and work conditions of farm workers in the U.S. More than 60% of these workers are undocumented, a group often assumed to face worse conditions and exploitation.

Better health

However, the study found that undocumented workers reported better physical health than their Indigenous peers. Indigenous workers, on the other hand, were the most likely to report pain caused by their work.

The researchers offered a few reasons for this. “People who migrate to the U.S.—especially undocumented workers—are usually in good health,” they said. “They are young and strong enough to handle the tough journey and have the resources to make the trip.”

Indigenous workers often face a “cumulative disadvantage.” Many deal with discrimination in their home countries and again in the U.S. In some cases, they speak neither English nor Spanish, making it harder for them to stand up for themselves compared to other undocumented workers.

The researchers believe that these layers of discrimination and economic struggles may outweigh any benefits of having legal status. They hope their findings will encourage more studies on how different immigrant groups in the U.S. face unique challenges.